Kubwezeretsanso kwa zinthu za polyurethane ku China
1, chomera chopanga polyurethane chidzatulutsa zinyalala zambiri chaka chilichonse, chifukwa chokhazikika, chosavuta kukonzanso.Zomera zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zobwezeretsanso zakuthupi ndi mankhwala kuti zibwezeretse ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zida zakale.
2. Zowonongeka za polyurethane zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogula sizinakonzedwenso bwino.Pali mabizinesi ena okhazikika pakuchiza zinyalala za polyurethane ku China, koma ambiri aiwo amatenthedwa ndikubwezeretsanso thupi.
3, pali mayunivesite ambiri ndi mabungwe kafukufuku kunyumba ndi kunja, odzipereka kuyang'ana polyurethane mankhwala ndi sayansi yobwezeretsanso sayansi, lofalitsidwa zotsatira za maphunziro.Koma poyikidwa mukugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kochepa kwambiri, Germany H&S ndi imodzi mwazo.
4, gulu la zinyalala zapakhomo ku China langoyamba kumene, ndipo gulu lomaliza la zida za polyurethane ndizochepa, ndipo ndizovuta kuti mabizinesi apitilize kupeza zinyalala za polyurethane kuti azibwezeretsanso ndikugwiritsa ntchito.Kusakhazikika kwa zinthu zonyansa kumapangitsa kuti mabizinesi azivutika kugwira ntchito.
5. Palibe mulingo womveka bwino wolipiritsa pakubwezeretsanso ndi kukonza zinyalala zazikulu.Mwachitsanzo, matiresi opangidwa ndi polyurethane, kutchinjiriza firiji, ndi zina zotero, ndi kusintha kwa ndondomeko ndi unyolo wa mafakitale, mabizinesi obwezeretsanso amatha kupeza ndalama zambiri.
6, Huntsman anapanga njira yobwezeretsanso mabotolo apulasitiki a PET, pambuyo pa njira zingapo zogwirira ntchito, mu gawo la mankhwala opangira mankhwala ndi zina zopangira zinthu kuti apange zinthu za polyester polyol, zopangira mankhwala mpaka 60% kuchokera ku mabotolo apulasitiki a PET, ndi polyester. polyol imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za polyurethane chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira.Pakali pano, Huntsman akhoza kukonzanso bwino mabotolo apulasitiki a PET 1 biliyoni 500ml pachaka, ndipo m'zaka zisanu zapitazi, mabotolo apulasitiki a PET okwana 5 biliyoni asinthidwa kukhala matani 130,000 a polyol kuti apange zipangizo zopangira polyurethane.
Physical Recycling
Njirayi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonzanso zinthu.Chithovu chofewa cha polyurethane chimaphwanyidwa kukhala zidutswa za masentimita angapo ndi chopondapo, ndipo zomatira za polyurethane zopopera zimapopera mu chosakanizira.Zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zophatikizira thovu la polyurethane kapena ma terminal a NCO-based prepolymers kutengera polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Pamene zomatira za PAPI zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwirizanitsa ndi kupanga, kusakaniza kwa nthunzi kungathenso kuchitidwa. Pogwirizanitsa zinyalala za polyurethane, onjezerani 90% zinyalala za polyurethane, 10% zomatira, kusakaniza mofanana, mukhoza kuwonjezera gawo la utoto, ndiyeno pressurize osakaniza.
Thermosetting polyurethane thovu lofewa ndi zinthu za RIM polyurethane zili ndi digiri inayake ya pulasitiki yofewa yofewa mu kutentha kwa 100-200 ℃.Pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, zinyalala za polyurethane zimatha kulumikizidwa palimodzi popanda zomatira.Pofuna kuti zinthu zobwezerezedwanso zikhale zofanana, zinyalalazo zimaphwanyidwa ndiyeno zimatenthedwa ndi kukakamizidwa.
Polyurethane thovu zofewa akhoza kusandulika particles zabwino ndi otsika kutentha akupera kapena akupera ndondomeko, ndi kubalalitsidwa kwa tinthu izi anawonjezera polyol, amene ntchito kupanga polyurethane thovu kapena zinthu zina, osati kuti achire zinyalala zipangizo polyurethane, koma komanso kuchepetsa bwino mtengo wazinthu.Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ufa mu MDI zochokera kuzizira kuchiritsa thovu la polyurethane zimangokhala 15%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa 25% ufa wopunthidwa kumatha kuwonjezeredwa ku thovu lochiritsira lotentha la TDI.
Chemical Recycling
Diol hydrolysis ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pobwezeretsa mankhwala.Pamaso pa ma diol ang'onoang'ono a mamolekyulu (monga ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol) ndi zothandizira (amines apamwamba, alcoholamine kapena mankhwala a organometallic), polyurethanes (thovu, elastomers, zinthu za RIM, etc.) amamwa mowa pa kutentha pafupifupi pafupifupi 200 ° C kwa maola angapo kuti mupeze ma polyols opangidwanso.Ma polyols obwezerezedwanso amatha kusakanikirana ndi ma polyols atsopano kuti apange zinthu za polyurethane.
Ma polyurethane thovu amatha kusinthidwa kukhala ma polyol ofewa oyambira ndi ma polyols olimba ndi amination.Amolysis ndi njira yomwe thovu la polyurethane limakumana ndi ma amines panthawi ya kupanikizika ndi kutentha.Amines ntchito monga dibutylamine, ethanolamine, lactam kapena lactam admixture, ndi zimene angathe kuchitidwa pa kutentha m'munsimu 150 ° C. Chomaliza mankhwala sikutanthauza kuyeretsedwa mwachindunji okonzeka polyurethane thovu ndipo akhoza m'malo kwathunthu polyurethane anakonza kuchokera pachiyambi. polyol.
Dow Chemical yakhazikitsa njira yobwezeretsa amine hydrolysis chemical recovery.The ndondomeko tichipeza masitepe awiri: zinyalala polyurethane ndi decomposed mu mkulu ndende omwazika aminoester, urea, amine ndi polyol ndi alkylolamine ndi chothandizira;Kenako alkylation reaction imachitika kuti achotse ma amines onunkhira muzinthu zomwe zidabwezedwa, ndipo ma polyols omwe ali ndi ntchito yabwino komanso mtundu wopepuka amapezedwa.Njirayi imatha kuchira mitundu yambiri ya thovu la polyurethane, ndipo polyol yobwezeretsedwa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mumitundu yambiri yazinthu za polyurethane.Kampaniyo imagwiritsanso ntchito njira yobwezeretsanso mankhwala kuti ipeze ma polyols obwezerezedwanso kuchokera ku zigawo za RRIM, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupititsa patsogolo magawo a RIM mpaka 30%.
Hydrolysis njira - Sodium hydroxide angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati hydrolysis chothandizira kuwola polyurethane thovu zofewa ndi thovu zolimba kupanga polyols ndi amine intermediates, amene ntchito ngati zobwezerezedwanso zopangira.
Alkalolysis: polyether ndi alkali metal hydroxide amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowola, ndipo ma carbonates amachotsedwa pambuyo pakuwola kwa thovu kuti abwezeretse ma polyols ndi ma diamine onunkhira.
Njira yophatikizira alcoholysis ndi amolysis - polyether polyol, potaziyamu hydroxide ndi diamine amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowola, ndipo zolimba za carbonate zimachotsedwa kuti zipeze polyether polyol ndi diamine.Kuwola kwa thovu zolimba sikungathe kulekanitsidwa, koma polyether yomwe imapezeka ndi zomwe propylene oxide imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga thovu zolimba.Ubwino wa njirayi ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono (60 ~ 160 ℃), nthawi yayifupi komanso chithovu chowola.
Mowa phosphorous ndondomeko - polyether polyols ndi halogenated mankwala ester monga wothandizila kuwonongeka, zinthu zowola ndi polyether polyols ndi ammonium phosphate olimba, kulekana kosavuta.
Reqra, kampani yaku Germany yobwezeretsanso zinyalala, imalimbikitsa ukadaulo wotsika mtengo wobwezeretsa zinyalala za polyurethane kuti azibwezeretsanso zinyalala za nsapato za polyurethane.Mu luso yobwezeretsanso, zinyalala woyamba wosweka mu 10mm particles, mkangano mu riyakitala ndi dispersant kuti liquify, ndipo potsiriza anachira kupeza polyols madzi.
Phenol njira yowonongeka -- Japan idzawononga thovu lofewa la polyurethane lophwanyidwa ndi kusakaniza ndi phenol, kutenthedwa pansi pa acidic, carbamate chomangira chosweka, kuphatikizapo phenol hydroxyl gulu, ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi formaldehyde kuti apange phenolic resin, kuwonjezera hexamethylenetetramine kuti alimbitse. okonzeka ndi mphamvu zabwino ndi kulimba, zabwino kwambiri kutentha kukana phenolic utomoni mankhwala.
Pyrolysis - polyurethane thovu zofewa akhoza kuwola pa kutentha kwambiri pansi aerobic kapena anaerobic mikhalidwe kupeza wochuluka zinthu, ndipo polyols akhoza kuwapeza ndi kulekana.
Kuchiza kutentha ndi kutayira pansi
Kupeza mphamvu kuchokera ku zinyalala za polyurethane ndiukadaulo wokonda zachilengedwe komanso wamtengo wapatali.Bungwe la American Polyurethane Recycling Board likuchita kuyesa komwe 20% ya zinyalala za polyurethane thovu zofewa zimawonjezeredwa ku chowotchera zinyalala zolimba.Zotsatirazo zinasonyeza kuti phulusa lotsalira ndi mpweya udakali mkati mwa zofunikira za chilengedwe, ndipo kutentha komwe kunatulutsidwa pambuyo pa kuwonjezedwa kwa thovu lotayirira kunapulumutsa kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta oyaka.Ku Ulaya, mayiko monga Sweden, Switzerland, Germany ndi Denmark akuyesanso matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopezeka poyaka zinyalala zamtundu wa polyurethane kuti apereke magetsi ndi kutentha kutentha.
Chithovu cha polyurethane chimatha kupedwa kukhala ufa, wokhawokha kapena ndi mapulasitiki otayidwa, kuti alowe m'malo mwa ufa wamakala wabwino ndikuwotchedwa mung'anjo kuti apezenso mphamvu ya kutentha.Kutentha kwamphamvu kwa feteleza wa polyurethane kumatha kusinthidwa ndi micropowder.
Kupanda mpweya, kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri ndi chothandizira, thovu zofewa za polyurethane ndi elastomers zimatha kuwola kuti zipeze mafuta ndi mafuta.Mafuta omwe amawola amakhala ndi ma polyols, omwe amayeretsedwa ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta.Njirayi ndi yoyenera kukonzanso zinyalala zosakanikirana ndi mapulasitiki ena.Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa nitrogenous polima monga polyurethane thovu kumatha kuwononga chothandizira.Mpaka pano njira imeneyi siinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.
Popeza polyurethane ndi polima yokhala ndi nayitrogeni, ziribe kanthu kuti njira yowotchera yoyaka igwiritsidwira ntchito iti, njira yabwino yoyaka moto iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kubadwa kwa nitrogen oxides ndi amines.Mng'anjo zoyatsira moto ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera zopangira gasi.
Zinyalala zochulukirapo za thovu la polyurethane zimatayidwa m'malo otayiramo.Zithovu zina sizingabwezeretsedwenso, monga thovu la polyurethane lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbeta.Mofanana ndi mapulasitiki ena, ngati zinthuzo zimakhala zokhazikika nthawi zonse m'chilengedwe, zidzaunjikana pakapita nthawi, ndipo pali kupanikizika kwa chilengedwe.Pofuna kuwola zinyalala za polyurethane m'malo achilengedwe, anthu ayamba kupanga utomoni wa polyurethane wosawonongeka.Mwachitsanzo, mamolekyu a polyurethane amakhala ndi chakudya, mapadi, lignin kapena polycaprolactone ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka.
Kubwezeretsanso Kupambana
Mu 2011, ophunzira aku Yale University adapanga mitu yankhani atapeza bowa wotchedwa Pestalotiopsis microspora ku Ecuador.Bowa amatha kukumba ndikuphwanya pulasitiki ya polyurethane, ngakhale pamalo opanda mpweya (anaerobic), zomwe zimatha kugwira ntchito pansi pa dothi.
Ngakhale pulofesa yemwe adatsogolera ulendo wofufuza adachenjeza za kuyembekezera zambiri kuchokera kuzomwe zapeza mu nthawi yochepa, palibe kukana kukopa kwa lingaliro la njira yofulumira, yoyera, yopanda mphamvu komanso yachilengedwe yotaya zinyalala zapulasitiki. .
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, wopanga Katharina Unger wa LIVIN Studio adagwirizana ndi dipatimenti ya Microbiology ya Utrecht University kukhazikitsa pulojekiti yotchedwa Fungi Mutarium.
Anagwiritsa ntchito mycelium (gawo lokhala ndi thanzi la bowa) la bowa awiri omwe amadyedwa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo bowa wa oyisitara ndi schizophylla.M'miyezi ingapo, mafangasiwo adaononga zinyalala za pulasitiki pomwe akukula mozungulira poto ya AGAR yodyedwa.Mwachiwonekere, pulasitiki imakhala chotupitsa cha mycelium.
Ofufuza ena akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito pa nkhaniyi.Mu 2017, Sehroon Khan, wasayansi ku World Agroforestry Center, ndi gulu lake adapeza bowa wina wowononga pulasitiki, Aspergillus tubingensis, pamalo otayirako zinyalala ku Islamabad, Pakistan.
Bowa amatha kukula mochuluka mu polyester polyurethane mkati mwa miyezi iwiri ndikuuphwanya kukhala tiziduswa tating'ono.
Gulu la University of Illinois, lotsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Steven Zimmerman, lapanga njira yowonongera zinyalala za polyurethane ndikuzisintha kukhala zinthu zina zothandiza.
Wophunzira womaliza maphunziro Ephraim Morado akuyembekeza kuthetsa vuto la zinyalala za polyurethane pokonzanso ma polima.Komabe, ma polyurethanes ndi okhazikika kwambiri ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuziphwanya: isocyanates ndi polyols.
Ma polyols ndi ofunikira chifukwa amachokera ku petroleum ndipo samawonongeka mosavuta.Pofuna kupewa vutoli, gululo lidatenga acetal unit yomwe imawonongeka mosavuta komanso imasungunuka m'madzi.Zowonongeka za ma polima osungunuka okhala ndi trichloroacetic acid ndi dichloromethane kutentha kwapakati zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zida zatsopano.Monga umboni wa lingaliro, Morado amatha kusintha ma elastomers, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuyika ndi zida zamagalimoto, kukhala zomatira.
Koma cholepheretsa chachikulu cha njira yatsopano yochira iyi ndi mtengo ndi kawopsedwe wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zomwezo.Choncho, ochita kafukufuku panopa akuyesera kupeza njira yabwino komanso yotsika mtengo kuti akwaniritse njira yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zofatsa (monga vinyo wosasa) kuti awonongeke.
Zoyeserera zina zamabizinesi
1. Dongosolo la kafukufuku wa PUReSmart
2. Ntchito ya FOAM2FOAM
3. Tenglong Brilliant: Kubwezeretsanso zida zotchingira za polyurethane pazida zomangira zomwe zikubwera
4. Adidas: Nsapato yothamanga yomwe imatha kusinthidwanso
5. Salomon: Kubwezeretsanso ma sneaker athunthu a TPU kupanga nsapato za ski
6. Cosi: Chuang amagwirizana ndi Komiti Yobwezeretsanso Mattress kuti alimbikitse chuma chozungulira
7. German H&S Company: Polyurethane thovu alcoholysis luso kupanga matiresi siponji
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-30-2023